Morphology: Erect herb, small and spreading herb. Leaves oblong, acute at the tips and have sharp spines at the margin. Upper surface dark green while lower surface pale green. Inflorescens at the axiallary at the end of the plant. The corolla white or blue. Capsule oblong with the ovate calyx.
Ecological distribution: Mostly can be found in Asia area and also northern of Australia. Best growth in mangrove area in South-east Asia.
Morphology: Herbs, growth in clumps. Leaves linear, about 20-40 cm long. Inflorescens with numerous white flowers. All the parts are smelly.
Ecological distribution: Originated from China. Widely cultivated in South East Asia like Japan, Korea and India including Malaysia.
Morphology: Shrub or small plant about 1-2 meter tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, apex acuminate to acute and the margine not smooth. The inflorescence in terminal, corymbose bearing numerous of creamy and whitish flowers. The fruits ovoid, smooth, reddish to blackish when matured.
Ecological distribution: Found in lowland area, widely distributed in Malay Peninsular.
Morphology: Terrestrial fern, up to 2 m tall and the stem are rounded. Stipes and stipules streaked with white patches of lenticels. The fronds are bipinnate and alternate. The pinnules have a swallon and fleshy stalk. All parts of the plants are hairy. Spores are located at the margin of the lower surface of the pinna.
Ecological distribution: Distributed well in Malaysia and Polynesia. Common on the riverbank area of lowland rainforest up to hill forest such as in Fraser’s Hill and Cameron Highlands.
Morfologi: Paku pakis jenis menumpang atau epifit hingga 1.5 m tinggi. Rizom pendek dan bersisik. Daun tunggal, berbentuk lanset, panjang 40-120 cm dan tepi daun rata. Kosta daripada pangkal dan berwarna keperangan. Sori terletak di dalam indusium di sepanjang urat daun di bahagian permukaan bawah.
Taburan ekologi: Mempunyai taburan yang meluas di Semenanjung Malaysia terutamanya di kawasan tanah rendah dan kering.
